Creating Learning Outcomes Course learning outcomes are am important component of course development. They outline the desired learning achievement(s), of the course, which helps outline content. Course learning outcomes aim to make expectations explicit and transparent, helping to guide students’ learning. They also help shape learning activities, assessments, and evaluation within a course. In This Section What are Learning Outcomes? What Makes a Good Course Learning Outcome (CLO)? Creating CLOs Degree-Level Standards for CLOs Summary of Wise Practices for CLOs What are Learning Outcomes? Learning outcomes describe the knowledge, skills, or higher order thinking that students are expected to achieve by the end of the lesson, course, or program. Why Do We Use Learning Outcomes Sharing learning outcomes with students helps to communicate expectations clearly, promoting fairness and preventing misunderstandings. Learning outcomes set a minimum standard that students are expected to meet or exceed. Think of learning outcomes as the foundation for meaningful and goal-oriented learning. Clarity in learning outcomes is deeply aligned with the Braiding Learning Framework at DC. Guided by the teachings of Tobacco and Sage, we understand that clear, respectful, and concise communication is essential to meaningful learning. Without clear learning outcomes, expectations become unclear. Learning Outcomes at DC Workflow of learning outcomes from program learning outcome (PLO) to course learning outcome (CLO), and finally Intended learning Outcome (ILO) which are present in the weekly learning plan. All learning outcomes describe expectations for the development and demonstration of knowledge or skills; therefore, they are action based and always begin with a verb. Program/Vocational Learning Outcomes (PLOs/VLOs) At DC, the term PLO is used in place of VLO; however, both terms refer to the same concept. You may also come across PVLO, which also refers to VLO or PLO. When referring to governance, VLO is used. PLO/VLOs ensure graduates of the same program will develop the same minimum skills and knowledge regardless of where they choose to study. Ministry of Colleges, Universities, Research Excellence and Security (MCURES) describes VLOs as “Statements set out (to describe) the culminating demonstration of learning and achievement that the student must reliably demonstrate before graduation” (MCURES, 2025). Program Standard VLOs are published by MCURES and can be found on the college program standards website. When a Program Standard has undergone an update, the college receives updated VLOs and elements of performance from MCURES. The college must attest to the changes and make any necessary program updates. VLOs are applicable to all college credentials that have Program Standards or Program Descriptions. Program Description VLOs are approved by Ontario's Credential Validation Service (CVS), but are not published for public viewing. To find your programs VLOs, refer to the Coursedog program page, or CTL can provide a copy. For programs that use Program Descriptions, not Program Standards, the college must work with CVS for changes/updates to the program VLOs. This process is completed through an informal process with CTL, Faculty offices and subject matter experts. Degrees: Any updates to PLOs must be reflected in the program’s self-study, curriculum mapping, and assessment strategies during PEQAB’s review process. This information is published on the program website under the Program Details. The structure of the PLO begins with "The graduate has reliably demonstrated the ability to...." followed by the specific outcomes they will show proficiency in by the END of the program. The PLOs are documented and maintained in Coursedog. What is the difference? Program Standard VLOs are created by experts, educators, and other stakeholders across Ontario and include Elements of Performance (outcomes that define and clarify expectations of knowledge and/or skills required to achieve each VLO). Program Description VLOs are created by Durham College, subject matter experts under the guidance of CVS. These do not include Elements of Performance. Degree Level VLOs are created by subject matter experts and demonstrate program alignment with the Degree Level Standards as outlined by the Post-secondary Education Quality Assessment Board (PEQAB) and the MCURES. Note Ontario College credentials (including Degrees) must MEET OR EXCEED the VLOs in an established Program Standard, Program Description, or Degree Level Standard to meet program standards and ensure graduates will develop the same minimum skills and knowledge as other programs in Ontario. How are VLOs updated? Updated Program Standards provide updated VLOs and elements of performance that must be attested by the college. To update VLOs in a Program Description, CVS must receive modifications that include program realignment to show the VLOs are covered by the changes. Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) The knowledge and skills a student must reliably demonstrate by the END of a course. Collaborative, so collectively, they ensure all PLOs are met. Documented in DC Course Outlines. Intended Learning Objective/Topic (ILOs) The knowledge, skills, or practice that students complete in each week of the course. ILOs must be connected to CLOs. Documented in DC Course Outlines in the learning plan. What Makes a Good Course Learning Outcome (CLO)? Think: “What should students have proficiency of by the end of this course to support meeting program learning outcome expectations?” – we build the learning outcome from the answer. The elements of performance in the program standard will also help in this area and can be used as the starting point when developing CLOs. Note Learning Outcomes are not task lists or assessments students will do, but instead the skillset they will have upon leaving the course. As mentioned, CLOs are the foundation of your course. If these are unclear, vague or overly complex, students will not be able to build and establish the required knowledge and skills to complete the course successfully. We can measure clarity by mapping the CLO against the SMART framework. Ask yourself, are your CLOs: Specific in terms of the skill/value/content. Measurable and demonstrable. Appropriate for students at the level of the course in that program. Relevant for students’ courses, program, and professional expectations. Timed appropriately for course duration. If one of these components is missing, the CLO should be re-examined. Example From the College Teaching Certificate (CTC) program facilitated by the CTL, “By the end of this course, students will demonstrate the ability to develop teaching strategies that enable durable and transferrable learning through active learning, lesson planning, scaffolding and course development.” Creating Course Learning Outcomes Tip It is recommended to have five (5) to seven (7) CLOs for a standard 42-hour course and six (6) to eight (8) for a standard 56-hour course. Too few create a course that is vague, leading to student uncertainty regarding expectations, and too many results in a course that is overwhelming for both the student and the faculty member. Follow this process when writing a CLO Start with a student-centered stem Choose a cognitive domain level of Bloom’s taxonomy Add an actionable verb which aligns with that level Add the measurable content, specific to students learning (skill, behavior, etc.) Think about these four steps as the equation to making a great learning outcome: Good CLO = Stem + (Blooms Level + Action) + Measurable Content Note This strategy can be used to create any learning outcome, so consider this formula when developing lessons or assessment outcomes. Stem In DC course outlines this sentence is built into the template at the top of the CLO section so there is no need for you to add it! When writing from scratch, outcomes often begin with the stem “Student receiving a credit for this course will have reliably demonstrated their ability to...” or similar. This sets up the framework for the outcome. Bloom's Taxonomy Levels Bloom’s Taxonomy establishes a hierarchical framework of learning through three domains. The cognitive domain demonstrates that learning builds upon itself as students progress through learning on their way to subject matter expertise. The cognitive domain is used to build CLOs. Bloom’s learning progressions are: Important Remember to choose the appropriate level for students based on their position in the program. For instance, in a first-semester course, more of the learning outcomes may be focused on the ‘remember’ and ‘understand’ levels, where a final semester course may have a larger focus on ‘evaluate’ or ‘create’. Choosing Actionable Verbs After selecting the appropriate Bloom’s Taxonomy level that the learning outcome will meet, choose one (1) action verb to clearly express what students are expected to learn and demonstrate by the end of the course. Some examples of action verbs can be seen in the image below, though there are multitudes of options. You will notice that these action words were used in the examples provided for each Bloom’s Taxonomy level above. Here is a printable version of the Bloom's Taxonomy Infographic. Note Some verbs encompass more than one level. These are referred to as multilevel verbs which could apply to different types of activities depending on how they are applied. For instance: if you ask a student to explain the difference between a course and program learning outcome, this is at the level of understand. However, if they were asked to explain how learning outcomes are impactful for student learning, this is an example of the analyse level. The best practice is to be critical about how you are measuring the outcome, and ensuring the action verb matches. Practice with Bloom's Action Verbs Verbs to avoid Some verbs are important to avoid as they are difficult to measure, these include: Learn Demonstrate Understand Read Know Like Familiar with Conscious of Awareness of Adding Measurable Content into the Learning Outcome Once you have identified the stem, Bloom’s level, and action verb, you can complete the sentence with the behaviour/skill that students are expected to demonstrate. This will be course specific and must be a measurable outcome students will have demonstrated upon conclusion of the course. Once crafted, you can check the learning objective using the SMART framework to ensure it is a strong CLO. Example Assessments in Each Bloom's Level Below are some assessment examples which could be connected to learning outcomes at each level. ASSESSMENT IDEAS Remember A multiple-choice test identifying what students remember. Understand Write a short paper summarizing an idea. Apply Write an advice column or opinion piece. Analyse Write an analytical paper. Evaluate Write a critical analysis supporting or rejecting an idea using evidence and personal opinions with hypothesized next steps. Create Create a presentation or story on a specific topic. TEST QUESTION TYPES Remember M/C Matching Fill-in-the-blank Understand M/C Matching Fill-in-the-blank Short answer Apply Calculations Short answers Sketches Analyse Calculations Short answers Essay Identify the error Evaluate Essay Recommend a choice and defend Identify the error Create Design Generate a plan Tip Case studies can be used at any of the level of Bloom's Taxonomy, starting at Understand! The complexity of the detail provided and the questions posed are the factors that will control the cognitive level the case study is targeting. Degree-Level Standards for Learning Outcomes Upper years in degree programs may have CLOs at higher Bloom’s levels due to the longer program duration, but they must be further mapped to Degree level standards as outlined by the Post Secondary Quality Assessment Board (PEQAB). These standards will also be important when designing assessments. All colleges are required to ensure that degree programs meet the degree level standard (three- or four-year) as identified in the Ontario Qualifications Framework (OQF). To ensure this, DC provides evidence of mapping Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) to the OQF. This mapping is recorded in Coursedog and displays on the student view of the course outline. These standards contain the same categories, but the specific items differ slightly for three- and four-year degree programs. These are outlined below: Honours Bachelor Degree Level Standard Reference (four-year) Depth & Breadth of Knowledge A developed knowledge and critical understanding of the key concepts, methodologies, current advances, theoretical approaches, and assumptions in a discipline overall, as well as in a specialized area of a discipline. A developed understanding of many of the major fields in a discipline, including, where appropriate, from an interdisciplinary perspective, and how the fields may intersect with fields in related disciplines. A developed ability to: gather, review, evaluate, and interpret information. compare the merits of alternate hypotheses or creative options, relevant to one or more of the major fields in a discipline. A developed, detailed knowledge of and experience in research in an area of the discipline. Developed critical thinking and analytical skills inside and outside the discipline. The ability to apply learning from one or more areas outside the discipline. Conceptual & Methodological Awareness/Research and Scholarship An understanding of methods of enquiry or creative activity, or both, in their primary area of study that enables the student to: Evaluate the appropriateness of different approaches to solving problems using well established ideas and techniques. Devise and sustain arguments or solve problems using these methods. Describe and comment upon particular aspects of current research or equivalent advanced scholarship. Communication Skills The ability to communicate information, arguments and analysis accurately and reliably, orally and in writing, to specialist and non-specialist audiences using structured and coherent arguments, and, where appropriate, informed by key concepts and techniques of the discipline. Application of Knowledge The ability to review, present, and critically evaluate quantitative and qualitative information to: Develop lines of argument. Make sound judgements in accordance with the major theories, concepts, and methods of the subject(s) of study. Apply underlying concepts, principles, and techniques of analysis, both within and outside the discipline. Where appropriate, use this knowledge in the creative process. The ability to use a basic range of established techniques to: Initiate and undertake critical evaluation of arguments, assumptions, abstract concepts and information. Propose solutions. Frame appropriate questions for the purpose of solving a problem. Solve a problem or create a new work. The ability to make use of scholarly reviews and primary sources. Professional Capacity/ Autonomy The qualities and transferable skills necessary for further study, employment, community involvement, and other activities requiring: The exercise of initiative, personal responsibility, and accountability in both personal and group contexts. Working reflectively with others. Decision-making in complex contexts. The ability to manage their own learning in changing circumstances, both within and outside the discipline, and to select an appropriate program of further study. Behaviour consistent with academic integrity and social responsibility. Awareness of Limits of Knowledge An understanding of the limits to their own knowledge and ability, and an appreciation of the uncertainty, ambiguity, and limits to knowledge and how this might influence analysis and interpretations. Bachelor Degree Level Standard Reference (three-year) Depth & Breadth of Knowledge A general knowledge and understanding of many key concepts, methodologies, theoretical approaches and assumptions in a discipline; A broad understanding of some of the major fields in a discipline, including, where appropriate, from an interdisciplinary perspective, and how the fields may intersect with fields in related disciplines; An ability to gather, review, evaluate and interpret information relevant to one or more of the major fields in a discipline; Some detailed knowledge in an area of the discipline; Critical thinking and analytical skills inside and outside the discipline; The ability to apply learning from one or more areas. Conceptual & Methodological Awareness/ Research and Scholarship An understanding of methods of enquiry or creative activity, or both, in their primary area of study that enables the student to: Evaluate the appropriateness of different approaches to solving problems using well established ideas and techniques; Devise and sustain arguments or solve problems using these methods. Communication Skills The ability to communicate the results of their study/work accurately and reliably, orally and in writing, to non-specialist audiences using structured and coherent arguments. Application of Knowledge The ability to review, present, and interpret quantitative and qualitative information to: Develop lines of argument. Make sound judgments in accordance with the major theories, concepts and methods of the subject(s) of study. The ability to use a range of established techniques to: Analyse information. Evaluate the appropriateness of different approaches to solving problems related to their area(s) of study. Propose solutions. The ability to make critical use of scholarly reviews and primary sources. Professional Capacity/Autonomy The qualities and transferable skills necessary for further study, employment, community involvement and other activities requiring: The exercise of personal responsibility and decision- making. Working effectively with others. The ability to identify and address their own learning needs in changing circumstances and to select an appropriate program of further study. Behaviour consistent with academic integrity and social responsibility. Awareness of Limits of Knowledge An understanding of the limits of their own knowledge and how this might influence their analyses and interpretations. Once your CLOs are created, they must be mapped to the degree OQF framework based on the criteria outlined in the tables above. Mapping is most easily completed using a chart, as illustrated below. Important Remember: Each CLO must be mapped to at least one degree standard; and More than one CLO is possible in each category. Exemplar: Undergraduate Degree Standards Course Learning Outcomes Depth & Breadth of Knowledge Conceptual & Methodological Awareness/Research and Scholarship Communication Skills Application of Knowledge Professional Capacity/Autonomy Awareness of Limits of Knowledge Summary of Wise Practices for CLOs Note Learning outcomes should be created at the advent of the course/program and everything built from them (your foundation!), not as an afterthought. If unsure where to start, ask yourself: What is the purpose of my course in relation to the program of study? What related and specific learning must occur for students to be prepared for the workforce? What is the relationship of this course to the other courses in the program? If my course is a prerequisite course, what should students learn in my course to prepare them for success in subsequent courses in the program? Which level of Bloom’s Taxonomy can I expect students to achieve during this course? What are the most important things students need to demonstrate to pass this course? Additionally, consider: would you pass a student that did not meet this outcome? If yes, revise. And Can I expect this outcome from all students regardless of background knowledge, cultural background, mental or physical abilities? If not, revise. What aspects of my CLOs are essential? This is a component for you to reflect on. If students have accommodations, they may need to adapt specific CLOs to suit their learning needs. Having an idea of what aspects are essential and where there is flexibility will make this experience easier for you and the student. For more information, please see Writing Intended Learning Outcomes. Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of Waterloo. Important Remember: Learning outcomes are not course deliverables (e.g., project, test, active learning strategy), they are the expected knowledge/skills students should have at the end of the course. Each CLO should contain one (1) Bloom's action verb. Each CLO should be addressed in at least two weeks of the Learning Plan and assessed twice, in two different ways where possible. Keep learning outcomes under 400 characters to minimize cognitive overload and reduce the risk of misunderstandings. A good learning outcome can be translated into an assignment or test question, if it cannot, it should be revised. References Anderson, L., & Krathwohl, D. A. (2001). Taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman. Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company. Postsecondary Education Quality Assessment Board (PEQAB). Degree Level Standards. Manuals & Guidelines – PEQAB (accessed March 27, 2025). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.