Creating Learning Outcomes

Student typing on a laptop.

Course learning outcomes are am important component of course development. They outline the desired learning achievement(s), of the course, which helps outline content. Course learning outcomes aim to make expectations explicit and transparent, helping to guide students’ learning. They also help shape learning activities, assessments, and evaluation within a course.


In This Section


What are Learning Outcomes?

Learning outcomes describe the knowledge, skills, or higher order thinking that students are expected to achieve by the end of the lesson, course, or program.

Overlapped circles expanding outward from lesson outcome, course outcome, program outcome, to DC mission and values.

Why Do We Use Learning Outcomes

Sharing learning outcomes with students helps to communicate expectations clearly, promoting fairness and preventing misunderstandings. Learning outcomes set a minimum standard that students are expected to meet or exceed. Think of learning outcomes as the foundation for meaningful and goal-oriented learning.

Clarity in learning outcomes is deeply aligned with the Braiding Learning Framework at DC. Guided by the teachings of Tobacco and Sage, we understand that clear, respectful, and concise communication is essential to meaningful learning. Without clear learning outcomes, expectations become unclear.

Learning Outcomes at DC

workflow of learning outcomes. They start with PLOs then CLOs and finally ILOs.

Workflow of learning outcomes from program learning outcome (PLO) to course learning outcome (CLO), and finally Intended learning Outcome (ILO) which are present in the weekly learning plan. All learning outcomes describe expectations for the development and demonstration of knowledge or skills; therefore, they are action based and always begin with a verb.

What Makes a Good Course Learning Outcome (CLO)?

Think: “What should students have proficiency of by the end of this course to support meeting program learning outcome expectations?” – we build the learning outcome from the answer. The elements of performance in the program standard will also help in this area and can be used as the starting point when developing CLOs.

Note

Learning Outcomes are not task lists or assessments students will do, but instead the skillset they will have upon leaving the course.

As mentioned, CLOs are the foundation of your course. If these are unclear, vague or overly complex, students will not be able to build and establish the required knowledge and skills to complete the course successfully. We can measure clarity by mapping the CLO against the SMART framework. Ask yourself, are your CLOs:

  • Specific in terms of the skill/value/content.
  • Measurable and demonstrable.
  • Appropriate for students at the level of the course in that program.
  • Relevant for students’ courses, program, and professional expectations.
  • Timed appropriately for course duration.

If one of these components is missing, the CLO should be re-examined.

Example

From the College Teaching Certificate (CTC) program facilitated by the CTL, “By the end of this course, students will demonstrate the ability to develop teaching strategies that enable durable and transferrable learning through active learning, lesson planning, scaffolding and course development.

Creating Course Learning Outcomes

Tip

It is recommended to have five (5) to seven (7) CLOs for a standard 42-hour course and six (6) to eight (8) for a standard 56-hour course. Too few create a course that is vague, leading to student uncertainty regarding expectations, and too many results in a course that is overwhelming for both the student and the faculty member.

Follow this process when writing a CLO

Start with a student-centered stem
Choose a cognitive domain level of Bloom’s taxonomy
Add an actionable verb which aligns with that level
Add the measurable content, specific to students learning (skill, behavior, etc.)

 

Think about these four steps as the equation to making a great learning outcome:

Good CLO = Stem + (Blooms Level + Action) + Measurable Content

 

Note

This strategy can be used to create any learning outcome, so consider this formula when developing lessons or assessment outcomes.

Stem

In DC course outlines this sentence is built into the template at the top of the CLO section so there is no need for you to add it! When writing from scratch, outcomes often begin with the stem “Student receiving a credit for this course will have reliably demonstrated their ability to...” or similar. This sets up the framework for the outcome.

Bloom's Taxonomy Levels

Bloom’s Taxonomy establishes a hierarchical framework of learning through three domains. The cognitive domain demonstrates that learning builds upon itself as students progress through learning on their way to subject matter expertise. The cognitive domain is used to build CLOs.

Bloom’s learning progressions are:

Important

Remember to choose the appropriate level for students based on their position in the program. For instance, in a first-semester course, more of the learning outcomes may be focused on the ‘remember’ and ‘understand’ levels, where a final semester course may have a larger focus on ‘evaluate’ or ‘create’.

Choosing Actionable Verbs

After selecting the appropriate Bloom’s Taxonomy level that the learning outcome will meet, choose one (1) action verb to clearly express what students are expected to learn and demonstrate by the end of the course. Some examples of action verbs can be seen in the image below, though there are multitudes of options. You will notice that these action words were used in the examples provided for each Bloom’s Taxonomy level above.

Blooms verb options at each level in the taxonomy.

Here is a printable version of the Bloom's Taxonomy Infographic.

Note

Some verbs encompass more than one level. These are referred to as multilevel verbs which could apply to different types of activities depending on how they are applied. For instance: if you ask a student to explain the difference between a course and program learning outcome, this is at the level of understand. However, if they were asked to explain how learning outcomes are impactful for student learning, this is an example of the analyse level. The best practice is to be critical about how you are measuring the outcome, and ensuring the action verb matches.

Verbs to avoid

Some verbs are important to avoid as they are difficult to measure, these include:

  • Learn
  • Demonstrate
  • Understand
  • Read
  • Know
  • Like
  • Familiar with
  • Conscious of
  • Awareness of

Adding Measurable Content into the Learning Outcome

Once you have identified the stem, Bloom’s level, and action verb, you can complete the sentence with the behaviour/skill that students are expected to demonstrate. This will be course specific and must be a measurable outcome students will have demonstrated upon conclusion of the course. Once crafted, you can check the learning objective using the SMART framework to ensure it is a strong CLO.

Example Assessments in Each Bloom's Level

Below are some assessment examples which could be connected to learning outcomes at each level.

ASSESSMENT IDEAS
TEST QUESTION TYPES

Tip

Case studies can be used at any of the level of Bloom's Taxonomy, starting at Understand!  The complexity of the detail provided and the questions posed are the factors that will control the cognitive level the case study is targeting.

Degree-Level Standards for Learning Outcomes

Upper years in degree programs may have CLOs at higher Bloom’s levels due to the longer program duration, but they must be further mapped to Degree level standards as outlined by the Post Secondary Quality Assessment Board (PEQAB). These standards will also be important when designing assessments.

All colleges are required to ensure that degree programs meet the degree level standard (three- or four-year) as identified in the Ontario Qualifications Framework (OQF). To ensure this, DC provides evidence of mapping Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) to the OQF. This mapping is recorded in Coursedog and displays on the student view of the course outline. These standards contain the same categories, but the specific items differ slightly for three- and four-year degree programs. These are outlined below:

Once your CLOs are created, they must be mapped to the degree OQF framework based on the criteria outlined in the tables above. Mapping is most easily completed using a chart, as illustrated below.

Important

Remember:

  • Each CLO must be mapped to at least one degree standard; and
  • More than one CLO is possible in each category.

Exemplar:

Undergraduate Degree Standards Course Learning Outcomes
Depth & Breadth of Knowledge
Conceptual & Methodological Awareness/Research and Scholarship
Communication Skills
Application of Knowledge
Professional Capacity/Autonomy
Awareness of Limits of Knowledge

Summary of Wise Practices for CLOs

Note

Learning outcomes should be created at the advent of the course/program and everything built from them (your foundation!), not as an afterthought.

If unsure where to start, ask yourself:

  • What is the purpose of my course in relation to the program of study?
  • What related and specific learning must occur for students to be prepared for the workforce?
  • What is the relationship of this course to the other courses in the program?
  • If my course is a prerequisite course, what should students learn in my course to prepare them for success in subsequent courses in the program?
  • Which level of Bloom’s Taxonomy can I expect students to achieve during this course?
  • What are the most important things students need to demonstrate to pass this course?
    • Additionally, consider: would you pass a student that did not meet this outcome? If yes, revise.
      And
    • Can I expect this outcome from all students regardless of background knowledge, cultural background, mental or physical abilities? If not, revise.
  • What aspects of my CLOs are essential?

Important

Remember:

  • Learning outcomes are not course deliverables (e.g., project, test, active learning strategy), they are the expected knowledge/skills students should have at the end of the course.
  • Each CLO should contain one (1) Bloom's action verb.
  • Each CLO should be addressed in at least two weeks of the Learning Plan and assessed twice, in two different ways where possible.
  • Keep learning outcomes under 400 characters to minimize cognitive overload and reduce the risk of misunderstandings.
  • A good learning outcome can be translated into an assignment or test question, if it cannot, it should be revised.

References

Anderson, L., & Krathwohl, D. A. (2001). Taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman.

Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.

Postsecondary Education Quality Assessment Board (PEQAB). Degree Level Standards. Manuals & Guidelines – PEQAB (accessed March 27, 2025).